Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or red light therapy, is a non-invasive treatment that uses red and near-infrared light to stimulate cellular activity and promote healing. It works by delivering light to tissues, where it’s absorbed by chromophores like cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in mitochondria. This boosts ATP production, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, alters calcium levels, activates healing pathways, and improves blood flow. PBM is used for pain relief (e.g., joint pain, injuries, neuropathy), wound healing, inflammation (e.g., arthritis, oral mucositis), skin health (e.g., acne, wrinkles, hair loss), and even neurological support (e.g., Parkinson’s, TBI), sports recovery, sleep, mood, and diabetes management. It’s generally safe with minimal side effects like mild redness. Precautions include avoiding direct exposure to eyes, known cancers, the thyroid, tattoos, and treating over the abdomen during pregnancy. Research supports its effectiveness, though outcomes vary depending on the condition and treatment protocol.
Common Uses and Benefits:
PBM helps with pain relief (joints, injuries, nerves, back), wound healing, reduced inflammation (arthritis, dental, cancer side effects), and improved skin (acne, wrinkles, elasticity, hair loss). It also supports brain health (e.g., Alzheimer’s, TBI), sports recovery, better sleep, mood, and may help manage diabetes.
Safety and Risks:
PBM is generally considered safe and well-tolerated with minimal side effects. The most common adverse effect is mild erythema (redness) which is usually self-limiting. However, some contraindications and precautions exist:
* Eyes: Direct viewing of laser beams should be avoided, and protective eyewear is recommended when using laser devices.
* Cancer: PBM should generally not be used directly over known malignant lesions unless specifically for managing side effects of cancer therapy (e.g., oral mucositis, radiation dermatitis) and with a physician’s permission.
* Pregnancy: While there’s no evidence of harm to an unborn baby, it’s generally recommended to avoid direct treatment over the developing fetus for medico-legal reasons. It can be used for conditions like back pain in pregnant women.
* Thyroid: High-intensity laser treatment directly over the thyroid might temporarily stimulate or inhibit its activity. Lower intensity LED treatments are less likely to cause adverse events in this region.
* Tattoos: Higher irradiance laser treatment over tattoos may cause pain due to dye absorption.